Nevertheless, it is evident that this binary representation of the 5V_SYS status stored in these registers is the value used by the RPi to set and clear the Low Voltage Warning flag. The section of the data sheet titled Input Voltage Monitor Flag covers details, but of course cannot tell us how the RPi's proprietary hardware and firmware interact with the MxL7704. above or below 4.63V) is kept in one of the registers internal to the MxL7704. This configuration, in turn, determines how it processes its various inputs to yield the PG1 and PG2 outputs at pins 5 & 20 of the MxL7704. The PGOOD state machine receives inputs from the "external system" (RPi's SOC) via the I2C bus that configure the state machine. This output is stored in a data register in the I2C block, and from there it is also available to the PGOOD state machine. The 4.63V voltage monitor (MON) provides a binary output indicating whether 5V_SYS is above the 4.63V threshold, or below it. Knowing how the RPi's 5V power input is low-pass filtered, and routed to the MxL7704 as 5V_SYS, the Block Diagram fills in most of the other details to answer the question: Please refer to the MxL7704 data sheet, and the block diagram (copied below) for details. 5V_SYS is the voltage monitored by the MxL7704, and compared to its 4.63V internal reference to determine the state of the Power Good outputs ( PG1 & PG2) at pins 5 & 20, respectively. As long as the resistance stays equal, then an equal application of voltage should then also yield an equal output power for each winding. The filter has a time constant determined by R5 & C12 of 0.1 msec. Low Voltage Wiring When the supply voltage is lower, the total resistance of the load must also be lower in order to generate the same output power. Note first the 5V_SYS node is simply a low-pass filtered version of the VBUS 5V input power. Simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab If we begin with the Rev 4 schematics for the RPi 4B, we see the pertinent connections between the MxL7704 and the USB-C power input summarized in the schematic below: The operation of the MxL7704 is covered here, and in the data sheet. First, I need to credit Q&A here for calling out the PMIC (Power Management IC) as the MXL7704. This is a very good question, IMHO, and since it doesn't seem to have a current and complete answer, I'd like to chime in. How does the Pi know it being under-powered and to show the lighting bolt?
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